Reprinted with permission – Rainbow, Brown, and Brook. The rainbow is a westerner by birthright and includes the steelhead, and the brook is a native easterner, but it is not a trout, it’s a char with Maine and Eastern Canada producing the big boys. This illustration by world-renowned watercolorist Thom Glace.
Mayflies and dragonflies, bugs for all seasons
Notable American watercolorist, avid fly fisher, and conservationist, Thom Glace.
By Skip Clement and Thom Glace
There are two main insect order groups: Paleoptera [ancient insect orders – Ephemeroptera and the Odonata] and Neoptera [cockroaches and termites], which is of no interest to ‘fishing’ or the following.
Ephemeroptera and the Odonata develop in stages, but have no pupa stage, and life stages are divided by habitat: larvae being aquatic and adult being terrestrial.
NOTE: Ephemeroptera are Mayflies and Odonata are Damsel and Dragonflies. Both have chewing mouthparts and two pairs of wings that cannot be folded over the insect’s back, but beyond that there are few similarities.
The Ephemeroptera are insects with 2-3-inches long terminal cerci, which is a paired appendages on the abdomen. The majority of their life is spent developing and feeding as nymphs in aquatic habitat and represent a significant contribution to the food web and in nutrient cycling. Trouts feed on Ephemeroptera in every stage except dun molting to spinner. In the spinner stage, before spent, do err and touchdown on the water surface and get stuck, or being too close to the water surface bet eaten by a leaping trout. NOTE: Many species will not feed as adults, having atrophied mouthparts or guts, unable to eat it uses all its stored energy to mate before dying. Life cycle sketch by Missouri Department of Conservation.
Where life begins and ends
The female spinner mayfly, post-mating, deposits her eggs on or just below the water’s surface and then joins the males in death.
In a few days or weeks, the eggs hatch into nymphs and are dispatched to various types of benthic surfaces, habitats and environments that these nymphs adapt to to its environment. For example, the nymphs found in fast water with a gravel bottom are different anatomically from the nymphs found in streams whose bottoms are mostly mud and silt. While in the Nymph stage, these tiny organisms will feed on various plants, dead or alive, among the rocks and river bottoms. For the mayfly nymph, much of its life is spent among these parts, and it only ever moves due to external factors– i.e. fluctuations in water levels from drought, flood, or water control. Other factors that influence a nymph’s displacement is poor water quality in the form of high water temperature and low dissolved oxygen levels.
Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout by Thom Glace.
Nymphs and there homey lifestyles
River and stream bottoms are comprised of several types of benthic environments and require nymphs acclimatize to survive. For example, ‘burrowers’ dig into the lake and stream bottoms, where U-shaped burrows in sand, silt, and mud areas are their homes until the hatch begins. ‘Crawlers’ clingers, and swimmers live in areas of rock, rubble, coarse gravel, and aquatic vegetation of stream and lake bottoms. Crawlers also live in slow or sluggish areas of lakes and streams that have small gravel, accumulations of dead aquatic and terrestrial vegetation, and silty areas. — Dave Whitlock
Stonefly golden stone nymph. Thom Glace illustration.
Egg
Once the female lays her eggs on the water’s surface following the mating ritual, they will sink to the bottom of the water column and attach to substrate, sunken logs, or plant matter where they land. Depending on the species of mayfly, the eggs can vary greatly in size and shape. They may be oblong, round, or ovaline. After a few days to a few weeks, the mayfly eggs will hatch and larvae will emerge!
Larvae
After hatching from the egg, the mayfly has entered its larval, or ‘nymph’ stage. During the larval stage, mayflies have extremely robust legs and a feathery set of gills that allows them to be fully aquatic. They live in this stage anywhere from a few days to a few years, and feed on detritus and plant matter. The nymph will undergo a series of molts- each one allowing it to change and grow into the next form. Nymphs can overwinter without any issue, taking refuge beneath rocks or in substrate and going dormant until the spring thaw.
Once the nymphs are mature, they crawl from the water, or swim to the surface added by a gas, shed their juvenile exoskeleton and enter the “dun” life stage – they are the ONLY insect order to have a winged stage that is not fully mature, requiring another life stage to reach full maturity.
Carolina Saddlebags – Thom Glace illustration.
Subimago
In this subadult phase of life, the mayfly has begun to develop wings. Their genitalia, legs, and eyes are not yet fully developed and they are unable to fly. They also do not yet have the distinctive coloration that serves to attract mates for reproduction. The subimago stage is somewhere in between juvenile and adult. Mayfly nymphs are the ONLY insect order to have a winged stage that is not fully mature, requiring another life stage to reach full maturity.
Imago
The larval stage of a mayfly’s life can last anywhere from a few months to up to three years. When a mayfly is in its larval stage, it can be characterized by its elongated, soft body and sturdy legs that are covered in bristles. They do not have wings at this point in time, and they have gills that are used for breathing underwater. Oregon State Entomology Lab.
After one final moulting, the subimago mayfly becomes an adult mayfly. The subimago stage is very short lived, as mayflies are no longer even capable of eating when they reach this life stage! Their only job at this point in life is to reproduce. A mayfly may live in this form only for a few minutes, or up to about 24 hours. Adults have large, compound eyes and flexible antennae. They will also have two or three long tails and two sets of wings that are transparent in appearance. When they die, they can form thick carpets that then serve as a feast for bears, raccoons, birds, and just about anything else looking for a protein-rich meal!
Mayflies have two distinct winged stages. The latter is the chaos we call the ‘hatch’
The two stages are dun and the spinner. The dun stage is emerging on the water’s surface during a mayfly hatch. Those duns not eaten as they drift on the surface waiting for their wings to stiffen, fly off the water and land on nearby vegetation. There they sit quietly until they molt, or shed their exoskeleton, one last time to become spinners, a period of 12 to 24 hours. From here on in as a spinner, it’s have a nice day. The mate airborne and there are clouds of them from just off the surface to a hundred feet in the air.
Male Hendrickson Dun – Thom Glace illustration.
Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies
These two orders [Anisoptera – dragonflies) and the Zygoptera – damselflies] are represented by relatively large insects with elongate wings. They are aerial predators, and thus have evolved excellent visual perception with large compound eyes with smaller, simple ocelli – used for discerning light and dark to orient in flight. The antennae are reduced to short, bristle like protrusions that do not interfere with aerodynamics. Adult damselflies are somewhat smaller and more delicate that dragonflies, especially in the Willamette Valley.
Seasonally, terrestrials like this Male Calico Pennant Dragonfly will drive trouts and bass into airborne attacks get its food value. Thom Glace image.
Juveniles for both Odonate orders are aquatic, and predatory in this stage as well. They are large bodied nymphs with large, hinged mouthparts used for ambush predation. Zygoptera nymphs are easily distinguished by the long, feather-like gills at the terminal end of the insect, while Anisoptera juveniles absorb oxygen from the water using gills held internally in the rectal chambers, pumping their abdomen to increase flow over the structures. — Entomology 311 Lab Manual by Melissa Scherr
Life cycle
The eggs are laid in or near water, often attached to vegetation. Most dragonflies spend more time as nymphs than they do as flying insects. The time spent in the water ranges from months to years, depending on the species and the conditions [5 years].
The aquatic nymph emerges from the water. Then, the outer skin of the nymph splits along the back of the thorax, and the young dragonfly emerges.
NOTE: Changes like wing spreading and the most significant predation occur in the next few hours. Trouts gain high protein servings from nymph dragonflies, especially in emerger stages. If all goes well, the insect will undergo its maiden flight, often a short, relatively floppy flight away from the water, when both the wings and body have sufficiently hardened. The insects leave the water for up to a couple of weeks while they become sexually mature. During this maturation, the males of some species undergo dramatic changes in coloration.
Now sexually mature, the insect returns to the water to find a mate
NOTE: The eye of a dragonfly has about 30,000 lenses — a human eye only has one lens. As a result, the dragonfly can see all around itself.
They’re also great for natural pest control. So, the next time you see one flying around your home, don’t swat it away — it’s doing you a favor. — Ron Lyons, Chula Vista Nature Center
Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout by Thom Glace.
